Adult Development free essay sample

This paper discusses the concept of adult development explaining the role of work in adult development. It will focus on why people work and ones views on work or leisure. This paper discusses the concept of adult development explaining the role of work in adult development. It will focus on why people work and ones views on work or leisure. From the paper: Before the start of the industrial revolution in the late nineteenth century, people of all ages inhabited the same social world. Children of all ages were educated together. Children and teenagers worked alongside adults on farms and in factories. Several generations often started one household. Neither children nor old people were set apart from the rest of society on the grounds that they were too young or too old to participate. By the middle of the twentieth century, age consciousness had emerged and people in developed cultures had become accustomed to thinking of life as a progression of distinct ages. We will write a custom essay sample on Adult Development or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Medical students had established pediatrics, the treatment of children and geriatrics, and the treatment of old people. Birthday celebrations had become a commercial enterprise.

Describe and explain the atheistic rejection of miracles Essay Example

Describe and explain the atheistic rejection of miracles Essay Example Describe and explain the atheistic rejection of miracles Essay Describe and explain the atheistic rejection of miracles Essay The existence of miracles is much debated amongst scholars, both atheist and theist. This is largely because the term miracle’ is multifaceted, as it means different things to different people. This subjectivity makes it incredibly hard to prove or disprove. For example, St Augustine said that a miracle is, An event we cannot forecast or expect with our present understanding of nature, whereas Aquinas defines a miracle as, things which are done by divine agency beyond the order commonly observed in nature.Swinburne offers an additional definition: If he (God) has reason to interact with us, he has reason very occasionally to intervene and suspend those natural laws by which our life is controlled. These competing definitions have a common link: they all involve the divine interfering with nature. The atheist disbelieves or lacks belief in the existence of God or gods. Therefore it follows that they would reject the idea of divine intervention. Nevertheless, atheists have produced many detailed critiques of theistic miracles. In examining such critiques a good place to start would be the writings of Hume.In An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, 1748, David Hume defined a miracle as, a transgression of a law of nature by a particular violation of the Deity or by the interposition of some invisible agent. Hume’s attack on miracles seems to be on the anti-realist view: the breaking into the world or breaking natural laws. He argued that breaking such laws would be illogical. Hume was an empiricist, which means that he used his experience as his guide in matters of fact. But he excluded the experiences of others who made claim to miracles.He put forward four main arguments of why this could not be possible, starting with his belief that there has never been sufficient witness. Miracles are of necessity very rare and improbable. It is much more probable that the historical testimony is false than that the miracle actually occurred; therefore a wise man will not believe the historical testimony to the miracle since no testimony is sufficient to establish a miracle.Hume would only believe in a miracle if its non-occurrence was more miraculous than the occurrence. However, Hume has very high standards for what a sufficient witness would be. They must be educated and held in high regard, and there must be an unspecified large number of them. Would Hume himself even qualify as a good witness using this criteria? Here Swinburne’s principle of credulity and testimony is a relevant counter argument to Hume; Swinburne argued that if it seems to a subject that x is present, then probably x is present. Generally, says Swinburne, it is reasonable to believe that the world is probably as we experience it to be.Secondly, those testifying to the miracle will have a natural tendency to suspend their reason and support the claim. While we should normally believe that which most closely accords itself with past experience, the sensations of surprise and wonder often lead us to unreasonable beliefs. There are countless instances fictitious stories that are widely believed not for logical reasons, but because of a love for sensationalism. This ties into Hume’s third criticism, where he argues miracles are only accepted in, ignorant and barbarous nations. If a nation is not as scientifically advanced as us, then they may take events we know to be natural as miracles. An example of this would be solar and lunar eclipses. We have a scientific explanation, but in many countries around the world they are still viewed as supernatural occurrences – in other words, they believe them to be miracles.Finally, Hume’s fourth point argues that all major religions claim miracles, and that they can’t all be correct; therefore none of them are legitimate. This is probably the weakest of all of Hume’s arguments, because even the Bible has records of Jews and Gentiles witnessing the same miracles. Hume is not necessarily saying that miracles are impossible and do not happen. What he is saying is that the evidence will always be insufficient to warrant belief.Other scholars have built upon the work of Hume to criticise miracles further. Anthony Flew also challenges the conventional idea of miracles and his work can be used to supplement that of Hume. Flew claims that although the evidence for extraordinary events at places like Lourdes is good, this does not prove that the extraordinary events have been brought about by the agency of God. Perhaps, instead, we may be dealing with evidence of the remarkable power of the human mind. It may be possible that, under the right conditions, our minds can bring about changes in our bodies. Flew’s claim is that breaches of what we understand to be natural law can occur by the proper response should be to spend more money on research rather than to say God did it. However, it is worth noting that Flew renounced his atheist views only six years before his death.Another key criticism of miracles is that laws of nature’ may not even exist. John Hick defines natural laws as generalisations formulated retrospectively to cover whatever has, in fact, happened, in which case, bearing in mind that a miracle is a breech of the natural law, he argues, We can declare a priori that there ar e no miracles. Upon this basis, the occurrence of an unusual, previously unwitnessed event should make us widen our understanding of the natural law so as to incorporate the possibility of the new event.If we take every new event as a miracle we will never be able to learn and expand our knowledge about nature. Ultimately, atheists accuse theists of being ignorant when it comes to miracles. Just because you can’t explain an occurrence doesn’t mean that it is an act of God. New things are being discovered about nature and how it functions all the time. What we believe to be impossible now may be proven otherwise in the future. To quote Atkins, To believe in miracle is intellectual suicide.

Assignment report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Assignment report - Essay Example It is an inter-disciplinary field that requires expertise from business management, resource management, statistics etc. Access to organized and structured form of information yields a lot of opportunities for businesses- it not only saves time from researching and organizing information collected from eclectic sources, but it also facilitates in making the decision process easier and less time consuming. The aim of this paper is to explore the role of effective management skills in libraries, information systems and virtual teams, specifically those operating in the construction industry. The paper discusses how each one is managed, and gives an overview of funding and marketing in library and information systems. Information systems, abbreviated as IS, is the department that is in charge of the management of computers, data and networking. It can be of different types depending on the needs of the business and the level of organizational hierarchy. They can be either structural databases or software to manage information. An information system is responsible for the compilation of date so that it becomes meaningful information. Information and data differ in the respect that data is raw facts whereas information is the end product of the process of transformation of data into a more organized and meaningful form. Information helps a firm evaluate and make decisions. The assessment of a firm’s management apropos to the efficient and profitable use of firm’s resources is usually made on the basis of economic performance obtained from information on periodic earnings (Epstein et al., 2009).The value and worth of information affects the decisions of the organization and profoundly influences the achievement of the aims of the company. Good information is relevant, usable, reliable and exhaustive. Since information helps companies make decisions and put it into action,

Care of the highly dependent postoperative patient Essay

Care of the highly dependent postoperative patient - Essay Example He had a bloc resection of rectal cancer and had been treated with sigmoid colectomy. Right hemicolectomy fallowed by HIPES (treated intra peritoney chemotherapy) solitary liver metastasis. The patient came into recovery room breathing spontaneously. His blood pressure was110/60. His pulse 82, resps 9, SpO2 with oxygen 40% via face mask. Right Jugular CVP line left hand arterial line, intercostals x2, bupivacain 0.25%. Silicon drain and abovac plasma lite 1000. I.V. continued. CVP and arterial line has been attached to monitor. First 1/2 hour patient observation was done every 5 min.-ABCDE was administered. After 15 min. BP-high, puls-100, RR-normal. On question are u in pain, patient answer severe pain. Morphine PCA attached and explained how to use, continued with boluses of 2.5mg, morphine via PCA pump. After 1/2 hour arterial blood gas sample done, showing respiratory acidosis. Patient is with urinal catheter, urine output monitoring hourly. Fluids maintenance done, fluid balance monitoring hourly for 24 hours. This paper explores the post operative care of this patient. Variables such as the level of debility before surgery, operate complexity and severity of underlying cirrhosis appear to significantly influence the rapidity at which a patient progresses through his or her early postoperative recovery stage (Leaper, & Whitaker, 2010). Most of the key liver resections are attributed to the liver’s regenerative capacity. They are well tolerated by patients and it is rare for patients to experience biochemical abnormalities. Patients having compensated liver cirrhosis and the complications that come with it are more susceptible to intraoperative blood losses that make the organ functions to deteriorate and lead to the loss of its reserve capacity to withstand stress causing life-threatening complications (Leaper, & Whitaker, 2010).

Effect of Acute Stress and Chronis Stress on the Extent to Which Research Paper

Effect of Acute Stress and Chronis Stress on the Extent to Which College Freshment Exhibit Depressive Symptoms - Research Paper Example To this end, data will be collected from freshmen studying different courses in different universities in the state using the BDI-II, PSS and the Stress Scale for the Youth, and the data collected was analyzed using factorial ANOVA and Chi-Square. Title The effect of Acute Stress and Chronic Stress on the extent to which College Freshmen exhibit Depressive Symptoms Introduction Depression is a disorder that impacts affective, behavioral and cognitive aspects of an individual’s functioning, and affects anywhere between 8 – 12 % of individuals in the population (Kessler, Berglund, Demler, Jin, Merikangas, & Walters, 2005). Women are more susceptible to depression as compared to men, and nearly twice the number of women are diagnosed with depression as compared to men (Kessler et al, 2005). Individuals in their early adulthood are somewhat more likely to show signs of depression, and there seems to be a strong relationship between stressful events and the onset of depressi on (Kessler et al, 2005). ... Depression is associated with lowered achievement as well as an increased risk for suicidal ideation and attempts (Robbins, 2008). It is thus important to identify and provide support to at risk individuals. Towards this end, this study attempts to explore whether existing life stress and moving away from home to attend college can increase the risk faced by college freshmen for depressive symptoms. Review of Literature Depression is a mood disorder that finds its causes in a number of factors that include biological, sociological, genetic and psychological influences. There have been many theories that have attempted to explain the nature and incidence of depressive symptoms (Monroe, Slavich & Georgiades, 2008) ranging from theories that postulate the role of chemical changes in brain functioning (Tanti & Belzung, 2010) to evolutionary theories that attempt to explain the value of depression in survival (Sloman, Gilbert and Hasey, 2003). Tanti and Belzung (2010) have attempted to ex plain depression using a connectivist approach that uses information about different possible causes for a depressive episode as input nodes to an explanation of the individual’s symptoms and intensity of the condition. According to them, each possible cause affects the individual in a different way; and thus may produce different experiences and emotions. Using this information, it becomes possible to understand the particular manifestation of the illness in an individual on the basis of the reasons that brought about the episode. The theory also uses this model to suggest the utility of different treatment options, so that it may become possible to choose the most appropriate

Risk Management Plan in Healthcare

Risk Management Plan in Healthcare Cyrill Hannah A. de Leon Introduction Risk Management is known as the process and system of distinguishing risks, assessing risks and planning approaches to regulate risks. In this growing business industry, risk management plan and business core analyses are essential and integral parts of a business plan. Each company or organisation must be aware of the possible potential risks that may arise within the organisation for it to be prepared if ever an unavoidable problem occurs and discover ways to reduce the effects if ever such problem takes place. There are different types of risks from one business to another. Risk Management plan follows a systematic process. It must describe the strategies of dealing the risks that is particular to the business. Risk Management is essential in scheming, observing and reducing unfortunate events that will impact the business. Each organisation has its own risk management. Healthcare Risk Management provides its own standards in delivering quality healthcare, ensuring patient safety and avoiding unfortunate consequences thus, carrying effective, efficient, and high quality patient care to clients. The Purpose of Risk Management within an Enterprise. Risk Management is very essential in determining the possible problems that may arise in each organisation and for it to be equipped with risk precautions in order to manage and tolerate adverse effects. Quality management has always been important when we speak of the service division. This is specifically true with healthcare. In a healthcare setting, there are numerous risks that are prevalent like risk among the staff, risk among the patients or even risk among the entire organisation. Thus, it is very important for each organisation to have risk managers who will assess, monitor and respond to each risk to minimize exposure of risks that may be a threat to the organisation. As a healthcare provider, our main concern is the safety of our patients. In order for us to deliver the best quality healthcare to our clients, healthcare professionals specifically health care managers must work reactively and proactively to minimize any damage that may occur in the future or prevent any ma lpractice. (The University of Scranton, 2014) The Benefits of Risk Management within an Enterprise Development and implementing of Risk Management is relative in each organisation. It is a continuous process that transpires not only in the beginning but all throughout the entire process itself. The benefits of Risk Management includes: (Grow Indiana Media Ventures (LLC), 2014) Awareness of Risks With the help of risk management process, the organization may be able to assess and identify the potential risks that may occur within the enterprise. In this way, managers may be able to weigh the severity of the risk and provide measures to solve the problem. It is the responsibility of those in higher positions or the enterprise managers to allocate time to it’s staff to let them be aware of the hazardous risks and the corresponding approach. Reduction of Financial Risk Every company’s aim is to gain profit. It is the prerogative of each company to develop risk management plan to evaluate the risk that may affect the market, operational services and other related circumstances. Risk management will also help to better manage the costs and the visibility of risks to the economic condition. It will also aid in the management of financial stability of the company thus avoiding any chance financial instability or worst, bankruptcy. Improved Attention and Communication of Risk This provides a standardised context of risks for all the members within an organization. It is very important that each organization should communicate among every department regarding the status of the company and communicate up from the senior management down to its labor workers regarding risk information within the operations of the company and discuss insights on how to properly manage risks to develop an effective approach to minimize risks. Avoid Future Problems Risk management will enable the company to foresee the possible glitches that may occur in the company. With the aid of risk management, every company will be prepared on how to face these problems and minimizing or reducing financial costs. With this awareness, proper management will be implemented and it’s objective in controlling risks will be observed. Risk management enables to reduce or eliminate financial risk through a cost effective approach and proper intervention with the execution of a contingency plan that will aid in reducing risks that the company shall face. Risk Management Components in relation to the overall role of the Risk Management. Reviewing of Activities and Internal Environment In this evolving world, the healthcare industry faces a number of issues regarding the reform of healthcare. Risk management in the field of healthcare is very important in achieving its goals and objectives and constructing plans in delivering quality healthcare to its clients. Risks in the internal environment of a healthcare institution is observed where standards should be observed in order to ensure the safety of the clients and to avoid jeopardizing their welfare. Risk Management in healthcare organizations focuses on patient safety and ensuring that clients receive the effective and efficient quality healthcare. The following are the risks in the internal environment of a healthcare industry: Machines/Equipments There are certain healthcare facilities that lack equipment or machines due to lack of resources or funds or due to unavailability because of certain damage or defect. The use of defective diagnostic machines may produce unreliable reults. This may jeopardize the treatment process of clients like for example, a patient with pneumonia may need to have an chest xray examination. If the xray machine would be unavailable or is damaged, the treatment process of the client may be delayed due to the inaccessibility of the diagnostics that will support the diagnosis of the disease. Staffing of Personnel In as much as each healthcare provider would like to give the best quality healthcare to it’s clients, it’s is unavoidable that the workplace will be understaffed or overstaffing. But among the two, understaffing would likely affect the services that will be rendered to the clients. Whenever there is a lack of manpower, services are usually hampered and clients may most likely not receive suffer. The hiring of unskilled staff may also jeopardize the safety of clients. It’s the responsibility of the human resource department to properly screen newly hired personnel and provide them with basic training whenever someone will be hired in the company in order to ensure that they provide the best quality care that each client deserve. There are also incidents wherein services may be hampered due to absences of staff from work. Setting objectives Setting objectives for Risk Management: The first step regarding risk management is Risk assessment. Risk assessment should be recorded, systematic and reviewed regularly. In this step, management committee will identify the potential risks that the company will be facing then manage the major risks that will arise. Identifying the risk whether it will just be a minor or major threat to the organisation. Determine what might happen when this potential risk will be observed in the organisation Analyse the level of the risk whether it will just be a minor or better yet a major issue and reviewing the controls into the system and the possible likelihood or the consequences that may occur when the risk will be observed. Evaluate the severity of the risk and then rank the risks. Communication within the organisation is very important because this will give awareness to the people and will enable them to discuss further what are the possible ways of minimizing the risk within the organisation Treat the risks by identifying the options, selecting the best responses, developing risk treatment plans and implementing them within the organisation. In this way, it will give them the assessment whether goals have been met. Event identification There are internal or external events that may affect the risk management plan or strategies. In the healthcare setting, an example of an internal event that may affect the organisation is technical risk. If I will relate it to the healthcare, almost all hospitals use the patient information system in supporting the patient care process through computer based patient records, patient care systems and patient classification systems. This system provides the necessary details in order to properly manage clients according to their specific needs. If for instance there will come a time that the software may fail, this will surely affect the entire organisation. It may affect the function of the organisation in keeping track of the record of the patient. Thus, it is very important that each organisation should not only be reliable to software programs. They must also keep hard copies of each patient record to serve as standby file of their records. In this way, patient care may not be jeo pardized. In the external events, there are uncontrollable situations or events that occur outside the organisation causing a great impact like natural calamities such as floods, earthquakes, fire. These events may affect the organisation in such manner that there will be a great possibility that the staff may not be able to work and the company will suffer because it will lack manpower thus, production may be put risk and profit will be minimized. Risk assessment with particular reference to the impact and likelihood of risk Each organisation follows its own policies and regulations. Orientation of the staff is very important to decrease the likelihood of risk. For example in a healthcare setting, the administration should orient its staff for them to be aware of the policies within the organisation or better yet provide them with seminars, programs and trainings from time to time that will help them increase their knowledge, let them be aware of the up to date changes in the management and let them be equipped with the desired skills in case potential threat may arise in the company. Risk response plans Many organisations implement risk response plans that will help them avoid or control potential threats and apply the necessary risk management controls to a specific organisation. There are different ways on how to respond to specific risks. Few of the following are: Recognition In case of occurrence of any risk, each organisation must be able to accept and recognize the problem. With this, the team will be able to develop proper management plans in order to regulate risks. Control There are always risks in every organization. We know for a fact that it is unavoidable but with mitigation, this will reduce the probability and impact of risk in the organisation by taking some measures by the time the company faces the risk. For instance, companies may organize seminars that will help the team develop project management plans. Prevention In this, risk is eliminated by developing strategies even before the company will face the risk. This will also help in preventing major damage to the organisation. Risk Management strategies identifies external threats along with strategies that will aid in addressing each problem. Control activities Risk Control is the method by which the organisation evaluates the potential losses and takes the necessary action to reduce or eliminate the threat. It involves the implementation of standards and policies and managing procedural changes. Controlling risk management is the solution in maximizing profits in the business. Developing control activities will help in decreasing the risk of business failure and for the accomplishment of goals and objectives. Control activities that will decrease the likelihood of risk includes supervision of the team by the senior management in taking precautions in case a threat may be predisposed in the company. Reporting will also help in keeping the team updated on the latest strategies that will be useful in controlling the risk in the organisation. Information and communication Information and Communication should be observed within the organisation to help the team keep posted on what are the precautions that should be observed in case the company faces a threat. The top management plays a very influential role in the dissemination of information in the enterprise. It is the obligation of the top management to relay the necessary information down to the different departments of the organisation. Communication serves as a foundation in planning, organizing, motivating each team. It can be through verbal or written form such as memorandums, emails or forms. Communication and relaying of information is necessary in moulding the reputation of the organization. Correct dissemination of information within the organization will prompt customers to be loyal with the company and promote or boost the organization’s image and to its customers. Monitoring Monitoring is the process of implementing risk plans, tracking identified risks, monitoring residual risks, identifying new risks, and evaluating risk process effectiveness throughout the project. Regular monitoring enables the management to keep track of the risks and to foresee circumstances making the implementations effective and analysing the results of the plans. This includes the continual measurement and monitoring of risk environment and the performance of risk management strategies. Conclusion Risk management is important in an organisation because without it, a firm cannot possibly define its objectives for the future. If a company defines objectives without taking the risks into consideration, chances are that they will lose direction once any of these risks hit the organisation. Risk management is very essential in each organisation because it will help in preventing loss or even damage to the institution. The risk management plan should propose applicable and effective security controls for managing the risks. REFERENCES Grow Indiana Media Ventures (LLC). (2014). Benefits of Enterprise Risk Management. Retrieved from http://www.insideindianabusiness.com/contributors.asp?id=2148 The University of Scranton. (2014). The purpose of Risk Management in Healthcare. Retrieved from http://elearning.scranton.edu/resource/health-human-services/purpose-of-risk-management-in-healthcare Emergency Care Research Institute (ECRI). (2009). Healthcare Risk Control. Retrieved from https://www.ecri.org/documents/secure/risk_quality_patient_safety.pdf

Womens Athletic Organizations :: Pro Con Essays

Pro's and Con's of Women's Athletic Organizations being Incorporated by Men's Athletic Organizations When the American Basketball League (ABL) started up, I was one of the wide-eyed young athletes who dreamed of playing in it when I grew up. I had always had lots of women role models as athletes, but this gave me something that I could aspire to do with my life. These women were playing basketball as a career. My parents took me to games to see the New England Blizzard and the Columbus Quest play. One time we stayed in the same hotel as the Columbus team, and they all came out of their rooms and talked to me and autographed a program for me. That summer that Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) initiated by the National Basketball Association (NBA). I was adamantly against the WNBA from the moment I heard its name. Take the men's league and stick 'women' in front of it, and you had the WNBA. The WNBA wasn't even playing basketball during the right time. No one should have a basketball season during the summer. Of course, they couldn't play during the winter because then th ey would be interfering with the men's games. The NBA couldn't let women's games draw support away from the men's games. In my thirteen-year-old eyes, the ABL was a league made for women by former female players. It had female coaches and it was the true basketball league that would give women an equal chance. The WNBA was thought up as a novelty by fat white men in business suits who thought that with the NBA's backing and money, they could do just about anything. So why not let women play basketball and see how it went over? In retrospect, I can see that neither of my opinions on the two leagues was exactly correct. However, I still resent the NBA-supported WNBA for breaking the first women's basketball league that had a real chance of surviving. I resent it more because I know that the WNBA did have a better chance of competing in the business world of professional sports because they did have support from the men's league. The WNBA would get more sponsors than the ABL would, and it could afford to not make a profit for a few years with the financial support from the NBA. I can also see that with my height and lack of natural athletic ability there was no way I would have ever made it into either league.

Organization of Buddhism Essay

Buddhism is the religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama Buddha in Indian about 500 B.C.   Buddhism is the chief religion of Burma, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Kampuchea, Laos and China. Buddhism is one of the oldest and biggest religions of the world. Its central deity was Buddha, â€Å"the Enlightened One†. It was founded by Siddhartha Gautama who was born 563 B.C. in Kapilavastu, just inside the borders of what is now Nepal. Buddhism beganin India as a revolt against Hinduism. The origin of the religion is described in the article Buddha. Buddha himself did not leave any writings, and his teachings were not written down until several hundred years afte rhis death. Like Christianity and Islam, Buddhism is a missionary religion. Within 300 years after Buddha’s death, it had spread throughout India and reached Ceylon (Sri Lanka).   Monks and travellers carried it to other parts of Asia. Japan adopted it about the seventh century A.D. About the same time the religion reached Tibet. Here it was combined with native religions. The two major divisiobs of Buddhism probably developed in Indian monasteries before 100 A.D. A. The Life of Buddha Siddhartha Gautama was born in Kapilavastu, India (now Nepal) in about 563 BCE. At his birth, legend says, a wise man told his father that Siddhartha would either become a great ruler or a great holy man, depending on what he saw of life. Determined that his son should rule after him, his father did all he could to shield Siddhartha from the problems of the outside world. Siddhartha grew up in great luxury in his father’s palace. He married a beautiful princess and had a son. Despite this, he felt that something was missing from his life. At the age of 29, Siddhartha had an experience that changed his life. On a secret chariot ride outside the palace, he saw a sick man, an old man and a dead man. It was the first time that he had seen people suffering. Then he saw a holy man who was happy and content, despite being poor. Siddhartha vowed to give up his luxurious life and become like the holy man. That night, he left the palace and began his search for the answer to the suffering he had seen. After many years of fasting and hardship, Siddhartha came to the village of Bodh Gaya. Sitting under a great tree, he closed his eyes and began to meditate. There, at last, he gained enlightenment and became the Buddha. He realized that people suffered because they always wanted more than they had. The Buddha spent the rest of his life as a monk. He traveled around India with a group of followers, teaching people how to overcome suffering. He died, aged 80, in the town of Kushinagara in India. B. Its History –  Buddhism Buddhism began in India as a revolt against Hinduism. The origin of the religion is described in the article Buddha. Buddha himself did not leave any writings, and his teachings were not written down until several hundred years after his death. Like Christianity and Islam, Buddhism is a missionary religion. With 300 years after Buddha’s death, it had spread throughout India and reached Ceylon (Sri Lanka). Monks and travelers carried it to other parts of Asia. Japan adopted it about the seventh century A.D. About the same time the religion reached Tibet. Here it was combined with native religions and developed into Lamaism o  Ã‚   Buddhism According to Buddhism, liberation is attained through understanding and practice of the Four Noble Truths: 1. There is suffering in life. 2. Suffering is caused by desire for pleasure, existence, and prosperity. Suffering and rebirth cease when one ceases such desires, leading to enlightenment, or Nirvana, a blessed state in which peace, harmony, and joy are attained. 4. The way, or path, to Nirvana is the Eightfold Path, summarized as: –  Right understanding – Right thoughts – Right speech – Right conduct – Right occupation – Right meditation – Right mindfulness – Right effort The Eightfold Path is also called the Middle Way—because of its emphasis on avoiding such extremes as following sensuous pleasures on the one hand, and self-punishment on the other. The Buddhist must at all times observe the high moral principles described in the Eightfold path, which emphasizes nonviolence and the brotherhood of all. Perhaps the best-known Buddhist scriptures are the Tripitaka (â€Å"Three Baskets†), first written down in Ceylon (Sri Lanka) in authoritative edition was prepared by the Sixth Buddhist Council at Rangoon, Burma, in 1954-56. The three Pitakas are about four times as long as the Bible. C. Other Beliefs of Buddhism Buddhism’s beliefs and teachings are derived from Hinduism although there may be some slight variations in some concepts. Karma is a Sanskrit word of â€Å"action†. The action refers to volitional acts (thoughts, deeds or spoken words that are in the control of a person) as well as the forces that arise resulting form these acts. The law of Karma describes the connection between actions and the resulting forces, like good action results to good Karma while bad action results to bad Karma. Good actions are described in a Buddhist belief in the Noble Eightfold Path. A Noble Eightfold Path is a path of life that has eight stages or phases. This path consists of the right views, right aspiration, right speech, right conduct, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness and right concentration. Furthermore, the law of Karma states that there is a connection between the moral quality of man’s action to the resulting condition or states. The life he has now is largely dictated by what he said and did in his past life while his next life will be determined by what he is doing and saying now. In other words, the Karma of past, present and future events are connected by the law of cause and effect. For example, if one does something wrong like hurting or killing another human being; he will have to suffer the negative consequences of these actions in his present life or another lifetime. Similarly, if he does something right he will enjoy the positive consequences of that deed in his present or subsequent lifetimes.   It is important to note that the law of Karma is final. No one (including divine intervention) or nothing can stop the law of Karma from operating in a person’s life. In other words, man’s destiny is dictated only by the law of Karma itself. Rebirth as the name implies, is a process of being born over and over again (unless a person attained Nirvana or release from the cycles of birth). In simpler terms, rebirth is nothing more than a movement from one’s old body at death to a new body at birth or conception. Rebirth is necessary for the execution of Karma which needs more than one lifetime to be completed so that it can be rightly said that rebirth is nothing more than the transmission of one’s karma. Only when all accumulated karma is paid for and craving is rooted out from a person’s life that one can enter the stream that leads to Nirvana. But as long as there is delusion, greed, and aversion, which consequently fuels the desire to live, man generate karma. The Buddhists idea of Rebirth, like Karma, is derived from an Indian philosophy of Hinduism. However, the Buddhist concept of rebirth is different from Hinduism because in the Hinduism theory of rebirth there is a transmigration of souls while the Buddhist denies the existence of self or soul (the immortal version of self).   In Buddhism the idea of self or soul is merely an illusion for perceptions, consciousness, mind and body that makes up â€Å"self† is changing. The Buddhists argue that how can there be a self when in fact its composition is not permanent. Furthermore, Buddhists explained that the body is mortal and when it dies, consciousness and all mental activities cease, hence there is no more self and consequently there is no soul. According to Buddhism, liberation is attained through understanding and practice of the Four Noble Truths. First, is that there is suffering in life; Second, suffering is caused by desire for pleasure, existence and prosperity; Third, suffering and rebirth cease when one ceases such desires, leading to enlightenment, or Nirvana, and joy are attained; Fourth, the way or path, to Nirvana is the Eightfold Path summarized as; right understanding, right thoughts, right speech, right conduct, right occupation, right effort, right mindfulness and right meditation.

Morality and Death Penalty Essays

Morality and Death Penalty Essays Morality and Death Penalty Paper Morality and Death Penalty Paper Morality of Capital Punishment Every human life is precious. This is something that has been taught by the Roman Catholic Church for years. Each day one is alive can be seen as a gift from God. As a result of this gift, we hear many people come up with phrases such as â€Å"Live everyday as your last†, or â€Å"Live as if you’ll die tomorrow†. Unfortunately, for some, these phrases can be more than just a saying. They can be facts. The people, for whom this holds truth, tend to be disliked by many and even hated by some. The type of person who faces a simple phrase such as â€Å"Live as if you’ll die tomorrow† as something that is actually the truth, is typically not a person with much freedom. This type of person, like many other in the same situation, fall under one category; a criminal. A criminal is one held under imprisonment for committing a violent or unlawful act. The type of criminal who lives in uncertainty of their own life is left with the fear of execution every day, due to their act of murder on another human being. This idea brings forth the moral argument of Capital Punishment. Capital Punishment is defined as the legally authorized killing of someone as punishment for a crime. The idea of taking a life as a means of punishing someone for murder has been the subject of a long and often heated debate. While many contend that Capital punishment serves the judicial system as a deterrent to crime and as a lawful penalty many others contend that Capital Punishment is both morally and ethically wrong. Capital Punishment has been used by the United States Government for decades. The government has found that the idea of the death penalty as a just way to punish those who have committed murder. Across the United States of America there are 34 states that actively use Capital Punishment. Most notably are Texas, California, Florida, and even smaller states such as Delaware. The other 16 states, for example, New York, have abolished Capital Punishment at some point in their history. Most recently is Illinois, who abolished the death penalty in their state earlier this year. Of those states that continue to use capital punishment, Texas remains the highest enforcer with 477 executions since 1976. This alone is an astonishing number, and it does not include the high execution rate up to the 50’s. In total, the United States of America, as a whole, have executed 1277 criminals. So far to date, there have been 43 executions in 2011. Most prisoners are forced to wait on Death Row prior to their execution for roughly 170 months. Nonetheless, when their day does come, many prisoners are forced to decide in what manner they wish to be killed. There are five methods of execution that consist of: lethal injection, electrocution, firing squad, hanging, and a gas chamber. The most frequently used in the U. S is the lethal injection. The least likely to be used is a firing squad or a gas chamber. A total of 1103 prisoners have been put to death by lethal injection since 1976 (Dieter 1). Overall, Capital Punishment has been held as a viable way to punish those convicted of a serious murder, despite its brutal method. Many find that Capital Punishment is a practical manner to punish those convicted of murder. This belief stems from the idea that Capital Punishment is a deterrent of crime. In other words, many find that the use of the death penalty publicly decreases the average crime rate. Researchers, who believe this, have found that each execution can be associated with 3 fewer murders in the state of which the execution took place. These scientists are stating that with the execution of one, three lives are saved. In addition, researchers have discovered that executions deter the murder of not only whites, but African-Americans as well. Each execution prevents the murder of one white person, 1. 5 African-Americans, and 0. 5 persons of other races. In other terms, one execution saves the life of not only one race of people, but many. Lastly, they have discovered that shorter waits on death row are connected with increased prevention. For each additional 2-year decrease in the death row wait, one murder is deterred (Muhlhausen 1). This means that if a criminal is executed quicker, it is most likely that people will not murder, therefore saving one life. In general, these people have found that one public execution can save up to 18 lives (Muhlhausen 1). It follows that, the execution of one has the potential to save many others. In contrary, many find this factual evidence to be falsified and over interpreted. As an opposition, many scientists have shown how Capital Punishment does not deter crime. For example, it is a known fact that the South has accounted for roughly 80% of the U. S’s executions. On top of this, the South also holds the U. S’s highest crime rate. Clearly, executing it’s prisoners has little affect on other criminals. Researchers have also used those nations without Capital Punishment to prove how it is an ineffective way to decrease crime. For example, Canada’s crime rate has dropped 27% since their abolishment of the death penalty. Scientists have also discovered factual evidence within the United States to demonstrate the ineffectiveness of Capital Punishment (Beadue 1). A clear example of this is shown by the New York Times survey that illustrates that those states without a death penalty have a lower murder rate. Many of these facts can be classified as coincidental, but nonetheless these facts show that the death penalty alone does not deter crime (Fessenden 1). One simple public execution cannot be given the credit for deterring crime based on this evidence. To conclude, public execution can only be coincidental to a decrease or increase in crime rates, proving it as a less effective way to deter crime across America. Whether or not it deters crime can be a miniscule fact to those who find that Capital Punishment as the only just punishment for one who has been convicted of murder and to those who find it completely unjust. Through surveys across the country, those in favor of Capital Punishment have said that only by putting murderers to death can society ensure that convicted killers do not kill again. In addition, many find that the cost to aid an imprisoned killer is unnecessary. Therefore, killing him proves to be cost efficient and easier on the government. On top of this, many find that if you have taken the life of another human being, you yourself do not deserve to live. Although a harsh statement, many refer back to the Old Testament to show the justification through â€Å"An eye for an eye†. Another example is seen through the fact that a prisoner can end up on parole and therefore never is handed the justice he or she deserves for murdering someone. In contrary, many find that Capital Punishment is unjust. For example, many view Capital Punishment as an example of an uncivilized society. In other words, a nation who uses Capital Punishment demonstrates to its citizens an uncivilized way to live (Muhlhausen 1). In addition, many find the death penalty to be a denial of civil liberties. This meaning that the government has no right to simply take a citizens life. Lastly, Capital Punishment is often gone about in an unjust manner. Those executed typically are poor and lack a good attorney, therefore are almost â€Å"set up† for murder. Ethically, Capital Punishment is dreadful. Typically criminal’s who are African American, poor, and in many cases both are executed because of a court appointed attorneys lack of skill. Evidently, they are convicted without a fair trial (National 1). Clearly, there are two sides to the argument that Capital Punishment is justifiable. Through all the facts and fictions of Capital Punishment, ultimately there is one question. This one question asks whether or not Capital Punishment is moral. Morality is defined as a system of ideas of right and wrong conduct. Because everyone’s moral code is different there can be many interpretations of whether or not Capital Punishment is a morally justified behavior. Many find Capital Punishment to be morally correct. This belief is caused by the idea that society has a moral obligation to protect the safety and welfare of its citizens. Many also find that society should support practices that bring about the utmost balance of good as opposed to evil. Clearly, those who believe this credit Capital Punishment as being one of these practices. Finally, those who find it morally correct state that justice itself is moral. In more concrete terms, justice to a convicted murderer is death, and since justice is morally good, this murderer must be murdered them self. It is after the murder of the criminal that â€Å"justice for all† is established. Despite the argument for Capital Punishment being morally right, many find it to be morally wrong. Many people find that capital punishment is morally deplorable on the basis that society has a moral obligation to protect human life, not take it. This means that we are all called upon to protect the sacredness of human life and not to take it away. On top of all this, it has been said that locking a criminal away for life achieves the same goal as Capital Punishment. This goal is to stop the violent acts committed by the criminal. Therefore, taking away a life is nonsensical and not necessary according to those who find Capital Punishment morally incorrect. The death penalty also proves to be morally wrong as it decreases the value of life, according to many. Many state that the death of anyone, even a convicted killer, diminishes us all. Evidently, morally Capital Punishment can be seen as not only wrong, but unacceptable. Ultimately, there are cases given both for the moral correctness of Capital Punishment and the moral wrongfulness (Andre 1). The decision on which one is correct lies in the hands of the individual. After researching Capital Punishment and based on my religious background and beliefs, I have formed my own opinion. In every aspect, especially morally, I find Capital Punishment to be wrong. As a living person, I respect life in every form. I believe that life is a gift from God and not one person is ustified to take that gift away. Growing up and going to church I have discovered that every day is a gift no matter what the circumstances. Whether in prison or living freely, God has granted you another day to experience life. This experience is different for everyone, but meaningful for all. This is simply another reason I find it deplorable to take the life of an individual. The ethics of Capital Puni shment is another aspect that fuels my reasoning against it. It is deeply upsetting to me that simply because of your lack of wealth or your race affect your chance at life. I believe that no matter your stature, you deserve a good attorney and a fair trial, because without a fair trial or good attorney it has been proven you are more likely to lose that trial. Being African American should not lower your chances at survival simply based on America’s court system. For a nation who claims to be almighty and great, I find it astonishing that they continue to hurt those who live there based on race and wealth. Aside from this, I am appalled by America and their lack of sacredness for life. As stated, life is a gift. If America looked at life as something sacred, as it should be, many would come to see the cruelness that comes with Capital Punishment. Lastly, as a Roman Catholic I believe â€Å"In one God, the Father almighty†. By stating this, I state that there is only one God. This one God is the only one who can grant and take away life. It is then that I ask America’s governing system, who gave them the right to play God. I do not believe that anyone has the right to simply take life away from someone. God, and only God, has the right to give and to take a life. Because If I am not mistaken, the United States of America did not grant me or anyone else life, God did. This is why I am astonished at my country’s government’s ability to take away someone’s life. Overall, I find Capital Punishment to be unjust and a moral flaw in America’s punishment system. In conclusion, Capital Punishment is still today, a consequence faced by many criminals. Many states continue to use this form of punishment, as others continue to abolish it. Nonetheless, it is a national moral issue faced by all. The case has been given by both counterparts and leaves many questioning their own belief. Many state how Capital Punishment deters crime, as others state that it has little effect. In addition, it has been said that Capital Punishment is just and lawful, despite the belief of many that it is just the opposite. Thus, I am only left to ask, if the government says it is illegal to take a human life, then why are they able to do so? Andre, Claire, and Manuel Velasquez. Capital Punishment: Our Duty or Our Doom? Santa Clara University Welcome. Saint Clara University. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. scu. edu/ethics/publications/iie/v1n3/capital. tml. Beadue, Huggo. The Case Against the Death Penalty Cons, Anti Death Penalty Arguments. American Civil Liberties Union. American Civil Liberties Union, 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. aclu. org/capital-punishment/case-against-death-penalty. Dieter, Richard. Death Penalty Information Center. 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. deathpenaltyinfo. org. Fessenden, Ford. Deadly Statistics: A Survey Of Crime and Punishment New York Times.   NY Times Advertiseme nt. New York Times, 22 Sept. 2000. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. ytimes. com/2000/09/22/us/deadly-statistics-a-survey-of-crime-and-punishment. html. Muhlhausen, David. The Death Penalty Deters Crime and Saves Lives. Conservative Policy Research and Analysis. Heritage Foundation, 28 Aug. 2007. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. heritage. org/research/testimony/the-death-penalty-deters-crime-and-saves-lives. National Coalition to Abolish Death Penalty. NCADP The National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty. 25 Dec. 2008. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. ncadp. org/index. cfm? content=25.

Exercise in Writing With Specific Details

Exercise in Writing With Specific Details Specific details create word pictures that can make your writing easier to understand and more interesting to read. This exercise will give you practice in revising sentences to make them more concrete and specific. Instructions Revise the following sentences to make them more concrete and specific. ExampleThe sun came up.At 6:27 on March third, the sun rose in a cloudless sky and flooded the earth with liquid gold. The food in the cafeteria was unappealing.We painted part of the garage.She sat by herself in the coffee shop.The kitchen was a mess.Marie looked sad.I waved to my pet.The car sped away.The waiter seemed to be impatient and annoyed.He was hurt in a boating accident.I felt tired after practice.She enjoys listening to music.There was a strange smell in the attic.The movie was stupid and boring.She ate lunch at a restaurant with her sister.It was noisy in the room.

Theortetical rumination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Theortetical rumination - Essay Example Rather than putting forward that jealousy exists as a type of monolithic entity in which the reader can seek to understanding and engage with, the authors put forward a multi-dimensional approach to the construct whereby infinite levels of meaning can be drawn from nearly each and every stanza or verse within the play. As a means of discussing the multiple representations of jealousy that are exhibited within the play, the authors seek to analyze their causal factors through the lens of a feminist approach, male centered approach, sexual frustration approach, philosophical approach (i.e. analysis of the Machiavellian aspects of Othello’s jealousy), categorization of envy as a causal mechanism to Othello’s jealousy, jealousy as a function of insanity approach, and jealousy as a result of the sexual objectification of women as evidenced through Othello’s deeds, thoughts, and actions. In this way, the authors present a multifaceted and nuanced means of analysis whereby the reader can draw a powerful level of inference on the extent to which each one of Othello’s actions and or thoughts/sayings can be analyzed within the preceding rubric and determined whether or not it ascribes to any one, or none, of the levels of analysis that has thus far been listed. Regardless of previously discussed themes of jealousy, the piece goes on to state that the most prescient and likely form of jealousy that exists within Shakespeare’s play is that of a sexual nature. Rather than confronting the issue head on, the protagonist seeks to recluse within the confines of his own lurid imagination and busies himself with a fantasy world built of the constructs of his own mind. As a function of this, the authors argue, the level to which jealousy is enshrouded in the complex emotions and personal dynamics of Othello only serves to be amplified. Whereas the issues of jealousy were at the forefront near the beginning of the play,

Franklin Delano Roosevelt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Franklin Delano Roosevelt - Essay Example There were also looming strikes from small business owners and farmers (Polenberg 113). He possessed exceptional political tactics as this is proven the the fact he was reelected in office for a record four times (PBS). His victories in politics were based on his abilities to relate to the needs of people as well as global requirements. As he campaigned, he knew the deficiency’s citizens were experiencing and he created speeches and promises aimed at addressing these needs. Additionally, he adapted a campaign song that became popular political rhythm in the United States. Happy Days Are Here Again was a signature FDR political song (PBS). FDR had an objective of ensuring that the economy of the United States is revived. For this to be possible,he realized the need to change the way in which created laws (Brinkley 42). For instance, he created laws that increased the employment of women in government positions and offices as well as the military (Polenberg 95). In addition, the new employment laws led to the decrease of unemployment rates to 2%. FDR also created laws that governed the conduct of Wall Street, banks and the transport system (Brinkley 36). This greatly changed the United States economy as people became more productive. Other major creations by the congress under his leadership were the Social Security and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. In addition, he encouragedthe growth of liberty (Polenberg 116). His approach to foreign affairs was also exceptional. At the time he was elected, the globe was at brink of warfare that threatened global peace. In Europe, Nazis Germans dominated as they denied the prevalence of democracy (Brinkley 84). China was also faced with invasion threats from Japanese. The United States shared great relationships with China as well as the United Kingdoms. FDR collaborated with Scotland, Wales and Great Britain to end the dominance of Nazis in Europe. FDR also